Dan,
Rob cites the gold standard though that is now a bit dated, being produced before many of the existing tools even existed. Here is my attempt to update that list:
Linear vs. Non-Linear Processing Steps:
Tools working on linear and non-linear images equally well:
AutoHistogram
CloneStamp*
ColorSaturation
CurvesTransform – (other than saturation)*
DynamicAlignment
HistogramTransformation*
IntegerResample
Invert
MaskedStretch
NBRGBCombination
RangeSelection
RGBWorkingSpace assignment
Rotation
SCNR*
StarAlignment*
StarMask*
Statistics
processes that only alter the physical shape of the image
Tools best used on linear images:
AssistedColorCalibration
AutomaticBackgroundExtraction
ColorCalibration
CosmeticCorrection
Fast Rotation
Deconvolution*
DeconvolutionPreview
DrizzleIntegration
DynamicBackgroundExtraction*
Dynamic Crop*
Dynamic PSF*
GradientHDRComposition
GradientHDRCompression
GradientMergeMosaic
HDRComposition
ImageCalibration*
ImageIntegration*
LinearFit*
MLT Noise Reduction*
ScreenTransferFunction*
SubframeSelector*
Superbias
Tools best used on non-linear:
ACDNR
CanonBandingReduction
ChannelCombination
CurvesTransformation - for saturation*
DarkStructureEnhancement
HDRMultiscaleTransform
LocalHistogramEqualization*
MorphologicalTransform*
ATWT Noise Reduction
MMT*
TGVD Noise Reduction*
SHO-AIP NB Combination*
That leaves the following uncategorized:
Processes:
ChannelExtraction
ChannelMatch
Convolution
DefectMap
DigitalDevelopment
FourierTransform
ICCProfileTransformation
InverseFourierTransform
LarsonSekanina
NoiseGenerator
RestorationFilter
SimplexNoise
UnsharpMask
*Tools I use on almost all of my images
These assessments show my personal bias so feel free to test using Tools in other categories to see if you come to different conclusions.
Hope that helps,
Jim