The main difference comes from Qt5, which is much larger than Qt4. For example, on Linux the bin/lib distribution directory stores 129 MiB in version 1.8.4 (Qt5), while it was 64 MiB in version 1.8.3 (Qt4). Besides Qt5, version 1.8.4 requires larger resources because it has seven versions of each icon (for scaling factors 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4) in order to support different screen densities. Finally, version 1.8.4 includes a collection of free fonts available to script and module developers on all platforms. The fonts collection occupies about 110 MiB.
(Edited to write the correct numbers for the bin/lib folder: 129 and 64 MiB, respectively for versions 1.8.3 and 1.8.4)