I wouldn't think pixel resolutions that small would be very amenable to dithering. Would best be up around 3x seeing, maybe more. Also, with a DSLR, there may (?) be other factors, since adjacent pixels do not see the same image (due to color), and dithering is a process of finding more resolution from what adjacent have in common and as differences. OK, it's a bit more complex than that, but I'm still leery of using an image captured through a Bayer pattern in dithering. There are references that tell various ways to do it, but I'm not sure what facilities, if any, PI implements. Maybe someone else could comment?
Finally, from the background color and galaxy intensities, I'd guess you've pushed the images you posted pretty hard. Both using a Bayered sensor and dithering require more images than a mono camera would for a single color filter. There just may not be enough data to get where you wanted to go.
Let us know what you get in the non-dithered experiment, please. Good Luck!
Alex