This is a difficult problem. You can try to take just a couple of images of a dark area near the original location, preferably when doing the original image (maybe just before and just after to have about the same illumination), make a DBE on that one, and apply the generated correction to the original image, with some factor. YMMV. If you have some stable dust donuts or remaining vignetting not fully corrected by the flat, this may help. Sky gradient may be more difficult.
In DBE you can force the value of the samples and use the DBE algorithm only to create the smooth image to subtract/divide. I used this with some script when I had other source of information on the problem (remaining amplifier glow), but this is lengthy to say the least and rely on your estimation of the correction to apply.
-- bitli