Hi Geert
At the development team we are using mainly Fedora. Any other main distribution should work fine too. So, there is not much to worry about. IMO, both Ubuntu and Fedora have great support from theyr users/forums, and are updated quite often. I find Fedora with KDE the best suited for production, but Ubuntu may be friendlier for people just begining in linux. You may also install the Kubuntu spin off, with the KDE desktop. Anyway, you may take a look at the other desktop choises, and install what suits you better (Gnome, Unity, XCFE, etc.).
If you want a dual/multiple boot system, you should proceed by first installing any windows OS, in chronological order (older first), and then any Linux OS.
For other useful apps, do a google search like this: "Fedora post-installation". You'll get several blogs with useful suggestions. Just make sure to match the OS release number.
About color calibration, I think that Spiders are not supported in Linux. Anyway, CMS is supported, and implemented in PixInsight through LittleCMS (if I am not wrong). So, if you have a valid profile, it should work without problems. I have a calibrated (by factory) Dell monitor, so I don't bother with this.
Lastly, forget about AV. You will not need them in Linux. A firewall may be handy, but Linux is pretty much a secure system.