Is there any clever way to construct such masks without resorting to pixel math tom-foolery?
The thing here is that you're going to build very different masks for different tasks, and likewise, masks too will be different depending on the image, the problem at hand, etc.
So there really isn't a cooking recipe for THE PERFECT STAR MASK, but every situation will have a star mask that will be the closest to "perfect" you can find for that particular situation.
The star mask I build in this tutorial
http://blog.deepskycolors.com/archive/2011/09/08/star-size-reduction-via-Morphological-.html includes a few techniques that I haven't seen many people use (modifying the source image, in this case with an HDRWT, prior to building the mask... or using the contours option), and that may be useful depending on the situation...